The degradation and loss of ecologically important wetlands has been a topical issue in the
Great Lakes region, where 60?80% of the coastal wetlands have been lost since the 1800s. The present modeling
study aims to guide the restoration efforts in Cootes Paradise marsh, one of the most degraded shallow
wetlands in Southern Ontario. We use a process-based eutrophication model designed to reproduce
the biotic competition among multiple phytoplankton and macrophyte functional groups. Our primary
focus is to offer guidelines for wetland restoration by characterizing the ecophysiological processes of the
autotrophic assemblage, such as the nutrient uptake from the water column and/or the sediment pore
waters, the relative ability to harvest light and fuel photosynthesis, and temperature control of the algal/
macrophyte growth and basal metabolism. We predict that the additional reduction of external phosphorus
loading in Cootes Paradise could induce an abrupt, non-linear shift from the current turbid phytoplankton-
dominated state to a desirable clear macrophyte-dominated state. The emergence of this critical
(or tipping) point, where the shift to another ecological state may occur, can be accelerated by the presence
of a thriving macrophyte community with an enhanced ability to sequester phosphorus. However, it may
also be delayed by the presence of a suite of biogeochemical mechanisms (often referred to as “feedback
loops”), such as the remobilization of legacy P due to sediment diagenetic processes, wind resuspension,
bioturbation, hydraulic loading from local tributaries, water-level fluctuations, and the leachable P pool of
dead plant material that can be returned into the water column through senescence. Our study identifies
the restoration actions required to minimize the likelihood of prolonged hysteresis and to facilitate a shift
to a desirable ecological state in the foreseeable future. The areal expansion of aquatic vegetation will not
only lead to the establishment of a thriving meadow and emergent vegetation community, but may also
pave the way for submerged macrophytes through a suite of synergistic mechanisms. Additional pointsource
loading reductions will facilitate the transition to an alternative stable clear macrophyte-dominated
state, but could also consolidate the future resilience of the marsh.