This paper presents methods of monitoring river basin development and water variability
for the transboundary river in North and South Korea. River basin development, such as dams and
water infrastructure in transboundary rivers, can be a potential factor of tensions between upstream
and downstream countries since dams constructed upstream can adversely aect downstream
riparians. However, because most of the information related to North Korea has been limited to
the public, the information about dams constructed and their locations were inaccurate in many
previous studies. In addition, water resources in transboundary rivers can be exploited as a political
tool. Specifically, due to the unexpected water release from the Hwanggang Dam, upstream of the
transboundary Imjin River in North and South Korea, six South Koreans died on 6 September 2009.
The Imjin River can be used as a political tool by North Korea, and seven events were reported as water
conflicts in the Imjin River from 2001 to 2016. In this paper, firstly, we have updated the information
about the dams constructed over the Imjin River in North Korea using multi-temporal images with a
high spatial resolution (15?30 cm) obtained from Google Earth. Secondly, we analyzed inter- and
intra-water variability over the Hwanggang Reservoir using open-source images obtained from the
Global SurfaceWater Explorer. We found a considerable change in water surface variability before
and after 2008, which might result from the construction of the Hwanggang Dam. Thirdly, in order to
further investigate intra-annual water variability, we present a method monitoring water storage
changes of the Hwanggang Reservoir using the area-elevation curve (AEC), which was derived
from multi-sensor Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images (Sentinel-1A and -1B) and the Shuttle
Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Since many previous studies for
estimating water storage change have depended on satellite altimetry dataset and optical images for
deriving AEC, the method adopted in this study is the only application for such inaccessible areas
since no altimetry ground track exists for the Hwanggang Reservoir and because clouds can block
the study area for wet seasons. Moreover, this study has newly proven that unexpected water release
can occur in dry seasons because the water storage in the Hwanggang Reservoir can be high enough
to conduct a release that can be used as a geopolitical tool. Using our method, potential risks can be mitigated, not in response to a water release, but based on pre-event water storage changes in the
Hwanggang Reservoir.