The distribution of microalgal species in estuaries shows marked gradients because
of the mixing of marine and fresh water during tidal exchanges. To assess the spatio-temporal
distribution of phytoplankton in the Seomjin River estuary (SRE), Korea, we investigated the seasonal
phytoplankton communities along a salinity gradient in the estuary using both high performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) pigment analysis and light microscopy. Both types of analysis
indicated that marine planktonic diatoms generally dominated at downstream sites having salinities
>10, whereas freshwater species dominated at upstream sites having salinities <5. High levels of
the pigments fucoxanthin and alloxanthin were found at upstream sites in the SRE in late spring.
During summer, relatively high levels of the pigment peridinin were present in downstream areas
of the SRE, and relatively high levels of diatoms occurred in upstream areas. In autumn, small
Cryptomonas species were found in high abundance based on microscopic analysis, while CHEMTAX
analysis of photosynthetic pigments showed relatively high concentrations of the diatom pigment
fucoxanthin, implying the co-occurrence of a small unidentified phytoplankton. During winter, when
the estuarine waters were well mixed, both the microscopic and CHEMTAX analyses showed that
diatoms dominated at most stations. Seasonal and horizontal gradients in environmental conditions
were clearly influenced by the salinity and nutrient loadings, especially the nitrate+nitrite and
silicate concentrations. In particular, the ratio of photoprotective carotenoid pigments (PPCs) to
photosynthetic carotenoid pigments (PSCs) was relatively low during all four seasons. This was
predominately because of the high productivity of diatoms, which have a very low ratio of PPCs to
PPSs. The SRE is a favorable habitat for diatoms because it is a high turbulence area having rapid
water movement as a result of tidal changes. Overall, there was consistency in the data derived from
the microscopy and chemotaxonomy analyses, suggesting that both methods are useful for analysis
of the phytoplankton community structure in this complex estuarine and coastal water ecosystem.