Extreme-flow events have been a central point of interest in hydrology and recent developments suggest that
their role could be critical in the overall functioning of watershed systems. The development of modelling
techniques that can effectively reproduce the hydrological dynamics of watersheds during extreme events is one
of the challenges of the contemporary modelling practice. In this study, we present a season-specific, multi-site
calibration framework that accommodates the variability in the hydrological responses induced by the agricultural
landscape changes during different periods of the year. Our case study is the Hamilton Harbour watershed
in southern Ontario, Canada, where discharge data from three main tributaries and six gauging stations
were available to constrain the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Two distinct values are assigned
to the Curve Number for antecedent runoff condition II (CN2), relating surface runoff to precipitation as a
function of land uses and soil characteristics, in order to reproduce flow patterns during the growing and dormant
seasons. Overall, notwithstanding the model performance decline in the most urbanized catchment of
Redhill Creek, our season-specific calibration strategy improved the predictive capacity of the model in the
predominantly agricultural catchments of Grindstone Creek and Spencer Creek. Counter to our season-specific
process characterization, an alternative calibration strategy postulating a differential watershed response, depending
on the magnitude of individual precipitation events, appears to fair better in urbanized settings. The
water budget displays significant disparities among the different land uses in the Hamilton Harbour watershed.
Our analysis also suggests that the runoff generated from urban sites during the growing season (May?October),
i.e., the period when the receiving waterbody is most sensitive to eutrophication, is six times higher than the
average contribution from pasture, forest, and cropland areas. The potential implications of the on-going landuse
and climate-change trends for the water cycle at both local and catchment scales are also discussed.