In the field of biological conservation, mathematical modeling has been an indispensable tool
to advance our understanding of population dynamics. Modeling rare and endangered species with complex
ecophysiological tools can be challenging due to the constraints imposed by data availability. One
strategy to overcome the mismatch between what we are trying to learn from a modeling exercise and the
available empirical knowledge is to develop statistical models that tend to be more parsimonious. In the
present study, we introduce a spatially explicit modeling framework to examine the strength and nature of
the relationships of snow density and vegetation abundance with Peary caribou (Rangifer tarandus pearyi)
populations. Peary caribou are vital to the livelihood and culture of High Arctic Inuit communities, but
changing climatic conditions and anthropogenic disturbances may affect the integrity of this endemic species
population. Owing to an estimated decline of over 35% during the last three generations, a recent
assessment by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada assigned a Threatened status
to Peary caribou in 2015. Recognizing the uncertainty typically associated with the selection of the best
subset of explanatory variables and their optimal functional relationship with the response variable, we
examined four models across six island complexes (Banks, Axel Heiberg, Melville, Bathurst, Mackenzie
King, and Boothia) of the Arctic Archipelago and formulated two ensembles to synthesize their predictions
into averaged Peary caribou population distributions. Our analysis showed that an ensemble strategy with
region-specific weights displayed the highest performance and most balanced error across the six island
complexes. The causal linkages between snow, vegetation abundance, and Peary caribou did manifest
themselves with the models examined, but the noise-to-signal ratios of the corresponding regression coefficients
were generally high and there were instances where they were not discernible from zero. We also
present a sensitivity analysis exercise that elucidates the influence of the observation/imputation errors on
the model-training phase, thereby highlighting the importance of assigning realistic error estimates that
will not hamper the identification of important cause?effect relationships. Our study identifies critical augmentations
of the available scientific knowledge that necessitate to design the optimal management actions
of Peary caribou populations across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.