In this study, a numerical analysis of the inter-blade vortex characteristics of a Francis hydro turbine model was performed
with various flow rate conditions in the operating range. The model turbine demonstrated notably different internal flow
characteristics for different operating conditions. Particularly, an inter-blade vortex between the runner blade passages was observed
at lower flow rate conditions. An inter-blade vortex can cause reduction in performance, and vibration and instability in the
operation of a turbine system. Therefore, understanding inter-blade vortex characteristics is important for the safe and stable
operation of turbines. To investigate internal flow and unsteady pressure characteristics, three-dimensional steady and unsteady
Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes calculations using a shear stress transport turbulence model were performed with two-phase
flow analysis. Inter-blade vortices were captured at the leading and trailing edges of the near runner hub between blade passages.
This vortex region exhibited flow separation and lower velocity and contributed to decreased hydraulic performance and higher
unsteady pressure characteristics.