The environment has been continuously exposed to heavy metals by various routes, from both natural and
artificial sources. In particular, heavy metals in water can affect aquatic organisms adversely, even at very low
concentrations, and can lead to the disturbance of the ecosystem balance and biodiversity. Ecological risk assessments
are conducted to protect the environment from such situations, primarily by deriving the predicted noeffect
concentration (PNEC) from the species sensitivity distribution (SSD). This study developed the SSDs based
on the species living in Korean freshwater for four heavy metals including cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb),
and zinc (Zn). The species compositions of the SSDs were examined, and three types of PNECs were derived by
applying different assessment factors (AF). In addition, the occurrence and concentrations of heavy metals in
Korean rivers were investigated, and the ecological risk assessment was carried out to compare the SSDs with the
environmental concentrations. The SSDs were developed using a sufficient number of species, but the missing
data of plants and insects provided an incomplete species composition. The results show that Cd and Pb in the
environmental concentrations of rivers would not cause any risk to aquatic organisms from the derived PNEC.
However, some organisms might be adversely affected by the concentrations of Zn, and a small amount of risk
was expected under the conservative PNEC. The distribution of Cu in the rivers was not considered to be safe for
aquatic organisms because the average environmental concentrations potentially affected the proportion of the
SSD, and the environmental concentrations exceeded the PNECs. The concentrations of Cu and Zn in industrial
waters indicated a considerable risk to aquatic organisms, and the probability of exceeding the PNECs appeared
to be quite high. Therefore, this study indicates that additional actions and parallel field studies are required
based on the risk posed to aquatic organisms by Cu and Zn in four Korean rivers.