Francis turbines are the most commonly used turbines for hydroelectric power generation. Preliminary
studies to verify turbine designs are often performed with small-scale models; however, when the
runner blade of a full-size turbine is geometrically scaled down to prepare a model for evaluating the
design variables and performance characteristics, the blades become very thin and difficult to manufacture.
Hence, the blockage effect of the runner blade should be considered to find a suitable blade
thickness that satisfies the required hydraulic performance. Furthermore, a clear understanding of the
blockage ratio at the highest efficiency point and off-design condition is required to investigate different
blade thicknesses and performance characteristics. Here, the blockage effect of the runner blade on the
hydraulic performance and internal flow characteristics of a 300-class Francis hydro turbine was
investigated. Three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged NaviereStokes calculations were performed with a
shear stress transport turbulence model to analyze the internal flow characteristics near the runner blade
and compare the blockage effect with various blade thicknesses on major performance parameters such
as the hydraulic efficiency. Flow analyses for the off-design conditions were also performed with various
blade thicknesses. The obtained results indicated that the power and efficiency gradually decreased with
increasing blockage ratio. The runner head loss increased due to the mismatches between the flow angle
and blade angle with changing the inlet velocity triangle components according to blockage ratio.
Especially the efficiency of approximate 3.4% decreased as the blockage ratio increased with 12.5%,
compared to the reference model. It was verified that the blockage effect significantly affects the design
of Francis turbine models.