This study investigated the fate of selected pharmaceuticals and estrogens and the characteristics of
bulk organic matter during pellet softening and proposed a possible hybridization with nanofiltration
(NF) treatment. A groundwater softening system called pellet softening was used to remove calcium
ions from groundwater by crystallizing calcium carbonate on the surface of sand grains that were
used as seeding material. This crystallization was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction, and X-ray
fluorescence and scanning electron micrographs were used to characterize the surface of the sand
grains during pellet softening. The fluorescence excitation?emission matrix showed that humic-like
substances were slightly removed and that specific UV absorbance values decreased after pellet
softening. The humic fraction determined by liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection was
slightly more attenuated than the fractions of biopolymers, building blocks, low molecular weight
acids, and low molecular weight neutrals. Therefore, the aromatic content per unit of dissolved
organic carbon was preferentially attenuated during pellet softening. The average removal
efficiencies of the three estrogens and 12 selected pharmaceuticals during the softening process
were 59 and 5.7%, respectively. However, there was a greater reduction of pharmaceuticals during
NF.