The occurrence of human norovirus (NoV) genogroup I (GI) and genogroup II (GII) strains
was investigated in Korea. Between 2007 and 2010, 265 samples were collected from 89 Korean
water source locations. NoV GI was detected in 4.5% and NoV GII in 1.5%. Samples collected
in winter had the highest occurrence; 9.4% for NoV GI and 6.3% for NoV GII. NoV GI
detection was highest in groundwater, with the next highest in river water and the lowest in
lake water (5.9%, 5.4%, and 1.6%, respectively), and NoV GII was found only in river water.
When three representative Korean basin systems (Han (H)-, Geum/Seom (G/S)-, and
Nakdong (N)-river basins) were compared, both NoV genogroups were high in the G/S-, but
absent in the H- river basin. The most prevalent genotypes within the GI and GII groups were
GI.5 and GII.4, respectively. The NoVs found in surface water were identical to those found in
patients and those found in groundwater. The NoVs appeared to be transmitted from the
patient to the surface water, and then to the groundwater, suggesting a fecal-oral route of
transmission. This is the first nationwide surveillance of NoV in major Korean water sources.