Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane is used in a wide range of applications including
seawater/brackish desalination, drinking water/industrial water treatments, and
wastewater reclamation. However, efficient operation of RO plants is often hampered
by high energy consumption, demand for chemical cleaning agents to mitigate fouling,
and considerable environmental impacts due to brine discharge. Forward osmosis (FO)
is a process that may be able to desalinate saline water sources at a notably reduced
energy cost. FO utilizes a highly concentrated draw solution to induce the driving force
for separation. FO must be coupled with other techniques to recover water from draw
solutions in order to constitute a sustainable desalination process, and one of these
techniques is membrane distillation (MD). Recently, Wang et al. studied integrated FOMD
hybrid system to concentrate protein solutions1). However, there have been very
limited studies for treatment of primary RO brine by FO-MD hybrid system. The
objective of this study is to explore the possibility and to delineate drawbacks of FOMD
hybrid system in order to increase the recovery of RO systems and to mitigate
environmental impact.