Backwash is a physical cleaning method where cleaning water opposite to the filtration direction sweeps foulants attached to the membrane surface and pores away. In reverse osmosis (RO) processes, mechanical pressure-driven backwash is not generally considered because permeate (product) channel in the spiral wound RO element can be broken in the presence of high pressure. Instead, osmotic pressure-driven backwash
(osmotic backwash hereafter) can be a good strategy to decrease fouling in RO processes. Osmotic backwash is based on water back flow from the permeate side to the feed side driven by osmotic pressure difference across the RO membrane. When permeate water flows back to the feed channel, it dilutes concentration polarization layer and helps to clean the membrane surface. In this study, a pilot-scale RO pilot system with the capacity of 250m 3/d was tested to demonstrate the effect of osmotic backwash. The pilot system consisted of two RO stages with recovery rates of 85% and 70%, respectively. Hence the recovery rate of the whole system was 95.5%. Osmotic backwash was accidentally observed when the system was stopped suddenly with an unpredicted failure. After the sudden stop, the membrane resistance was slightly decreased. Then we introduced
intentional "stop and go" to the system, so called osmotic backwash. We found that osmotic backwash occurred when the trans-membrane pressure was gone and the osmotic pressure difference between product and feed/concentrate sides was dominant. Osmotic backwash reduced the membrane fouling and increased the product water 82 conductivity temporarily. The water volume for osmotic backwash increased as the osmotic pressure difference increased, which enhanced the cleaning effect.