In recent years, NF (nanofiltration) membrane is receiving great attention for its ability to achieve high rejection of divalent ions with low energy consumption compared to RO (reverse osmosis) membrane process. Even though nanofiltration has been recognized as a promising technology for the removal of recalcitrant contaminants such as organic matters, nano-particles, and harmful trace compounds, the use of NF process has not been realized at full scale rigorously yet. This is partly due to the fact that the rejection behaviour as well as surface characteristics of NF membrane is relatively unknown compared to RO membranes. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to develop the systematic way of selecting NF membranes based on more fundamental characteristics of NF membranes for the efficient application of NF process. In this study, four commercial NF membranes (A, B, C, and D) were evaluated in terms of hardness removal, and their removal efficiencies were further related to membrane surface characteristics. Based on the results, the optimal criteria for selecting NF membranes have been discussed.
To evaluate performance of membrane, lab-scale nanofiltration unit was used. Permeate water quantity and solute rejection of NaCl, CaCl2, CaSO4 at the pressure of 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6.5, 8 bar were measured. The removal rate of nitrate nitrogen, organic matter, taste and odor were also investigated with NaNO3, Humic acid, 2-MiB and Geosmin respectively. Considering the application, fouling test was performed using feed water which had the highest fouling potential measured by SDI and MFI, from conventional water treatment plant located in mountainous area. Fouling behaviour was observed for about 24 hours, then 30 minute chemical cleaning with NaOH 0.1 wt% was conducted to examine recovery rate. Membranes were also characterized by various membrane surface analyzers including Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Zeta Potential Analyzer, Dynamic Contact Angle (DCA) to find outstanding features of membrane surface which can cause different performance among themselves. In contrast to RO, surface properties of NF membrane have no direct relationship with performance results. This result was more pronounced with looser NF membranes which may have nano-size pores possibly. Consequently fouling of NF membrane should be understood by integrating both cake deposition and pore blocking effects.
This study demonstrated that NF is a promising tool for producing cleaner and safer water from various source waters by effectively removing hardness, nitrate, and organic matters with low energy. However, fouling mechanism is different from those of typical RO membranes, and both cake deposition and pore blocking mechanisms should be considered simultaneously, while surface properties do not show any connections clearly. These results provide more profound and fundamental approaches for selection and application of optimum NF process.