For the last 20 years, China has transformed itself from a rural economy into an
industrial giant, averaging over 8 percent annual growth of GDP. Unfortunately, this
rapid growth has taken a significant toll on its natural resource base as well,
particularly water resources. These problems have been exacerbated by a low level of
sewage treatment technology and by the operating and maintenance (O&M). In case of
urban areas, most big cities in China have a well functioning sewage system comprised
of sewers and sewage treatment plants (STPs). Nevertheless, the existing STPs are still
not capable of properly treating the sewage, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The
rural areas in China cover a large land, with two-third of the nation’s population.
The low educational and poor economic states make it hard to process self-protection
and management. In the surveyed area in Henan, there was no STPs put into use as of
2004, and the sewer lines are not well organized. The big issue for the currently
planned STPs is the collection system not included in the plans.