Tunnel construction frequently makes use of radial displacements to monitor tunnel
support performance, particularly in complex ground conditions. In recent years,
absolute displacement monitoring methods have replaced the more traditional radial
convergence measurements. It has been suggested by Schubert and Budil (1995)[The
importance of longitudinal deformation in tunnel excavation. In: Fujii, T. (Ed.),
Proceedings of the 8th ISRM Congress on Rock Mechanics, Tokyo, vol. 3. A.A. Balkema,
Rotterdam,pp.1411-1444.]that these near-face displacements could also be used to
forecast the tunnel conditions ahead of the advancing tunnel face. This paper presents
the results from a series of detailed three-dimensional analyses in varying ground
conditions, which compares vertical (radial) displacements measured at the roof,
vector orientations associated with these roof displacements and tunnel face displacements
(extrusion). These numerical results suggest that in all cases vector orientation provided
additional information not obtained from traditional radial displacements or face extrusion.
If interpreted correctly the vector orientations could provide advanced warning of changing
ground conditions in the vicinity of the tunnel face. ⓒ 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.