This study empirically examines the impact of product market competition (PMC) on target difficulty and explores the moderating role of innovation in this relationship. Utilizing data on
EPS (Earnings Per Share) performance and patents of U.S. firms between 2015 and 2020, the findings indicate that heightened PMC significantly increases target difficulty. This suggests that competitive pressure serves as an incentive mechanism, encouraging greater managerial effort. Additionally, firms with a higher number of patents and forward citations, which serve as proxies for innovation, exhibit a strengthened positive relationship between PMC and target difficulty. This implies that innovative firms are more confident in their ability to meet elevated performance expectations, particularly in competitive markets. Further analyses reveal that the moderating role of innovation on the primary relationship is more pronounced when managerial ability is higher and when firms operate in high-tech industries. Conversely, when peer groups possess more patents and citations, target difficulty decreases in highly competitive markets. Overall, this study contributes to existing literature by emphasizing the significant roles of PMC and innovation in shaping target difficulty.