Approximately 280 species of microcystin variants (MCs) are produced by cyanobacteria, including MC-LR. The WHO has proposed regulating them as a total quantity because of the potential health risks. At the moment, the most common methods for target MC analysis are used by LC-MS/MS, but this is limited by the availability of reference materials needed for quantification.
As an alternative method for total MC quantification, the analysis of 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid (MMPB), formed by oxidation of the common ADDA structure in MC variants, offers economic and practical advantages by avoiding the need for multiple MC reference materials. This method allows for total MC quantification across various matrices.
In this study, the oxidation process was optimized to achieve consistent recovery rates, averaging 101%, which ensured reliable conversion of MCs to MMPB for subsequent analysis. The limit of quantification (LOQ) has been improved to 0.1 μg/L due to the use of a large-volume injection method. When MMPB concentrations measured in field samples were compared to the sum of target LC-MS/MS results, a significant correlation appeared (r = 0.80, p < 0.005). However, there were differences in absolute concentration.
Calculations using a stoichiometric equation with MMPB and 6 MC concentrations allowed us to estimate total MC levels, demonstrating the potential of the proposed method to complement existing target measurement techniques. A new methodology was applied to surface water samples and 6MCs and total MCs were calculated and compared. Unknown MCs were found to be present in specific water environments and further research is needed to determine their causes.